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%%%                                                                      %%%
%%%    INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS PUBLISHING                                   %%%
%%%                                                                      %%%
%%%    IOPLPPT.STY  LaTeX preprint style file for IOP Journals           %%%
%%%                                                                      %%%
%%%    Copyright 1993 IOP Publishing Ltd                                 %%%
%%%                                                                      %%%
%%%    Permission is hereby given to use this file for                   %%%
%%%    material to be submitted to or published by                       %%%
%%%    Institute of Physics Publishing                                   %%%
%%%                                                                      %%%
%%%    Version 1.1  20 September 1993                                    %%%
%%%                                                                      %%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%
% First we have a character check
%
% ! exclamation mark    " double quote  
% # hash                ` opening quote (grave)
% & ampersand           ' closing quote (acute)
% $ dollar              % percent       
% ( open parenthesis    ) close paren.  
% - hyphen              = equals sign
% | vertical bar        ~ tilde         
% @ at sign             _ underscore
% { open curly brace    } close curly   
% [ open square         ] close square bracket
% + plus sign           ; semi-colon    
% * asterisk            : colon
% < open angle bracket  > close angle   
% , comma               . full stop
% ? question mark       / forward slash 
% \ backslash           ^ circumflex
%
% ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ 
% abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 
% 1234567890
%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%
\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}
\ProvidesClass{gb}
              [1999/02/14
 written by A.Mookerjee for books ]
\typeout{Document Style `ioplppt.sty'. Style class
written by A. Mookerjee, ONLY FOR PRIVATE USE}
\newcommand\@ptsize{}


\let\reset@font\empty

\def\contentsname{Contents}
\def\listfigurename{List of Figures}
\def\listtablename{List of Tables}
\def\refname{References}
\def\indexname{Index}
\def\figurename{Figure}
\def\tablename{Table}
\def\abstractname{Abstract}

\def\@ptsize{0} 
\@namedef{ds@11pt}{\def\@ptsize{1}}
\@namedef{ds@12pt}{\def\@ptsize{2}} 
\def\ds@twoside{\@twosidetrue
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\def\ds@draft{\overfullrule 5\p@}

\newif\if@titlepage \@titlepagefalse
\def\ds@titlepage{\@titlepagetrue}

\def\ds@twocolumn{\@twocolumntrue}

\newdimen\mathindent
%
\newif\ifletter
\newif\ifpmb
\newlength{\varind}
\newlength{\figdepth}
\newlength{\figwidth}
\newlength{\secfigwidth}
\newlength{\digitwidth}
\newlength{\indentedwidth}
\newcounter{firstpage}
\newcounter{jnl}
\newcounter{yr}
\setcounter{yr}{93}
\newcounter{tabtype}
\newcounter{figtype}
\newcounter{eqnval}
%
\@twosidetrue 
%\@mparswitchtrue 
\def\ds@draft{\overfullrule 5\p@} 
\@options
\input iopl1\@ptsize.sty\relax

\pretolerance=5000
\tolerance=8000
\hbadness=5000
\vbadness=5000
\topmargin=0\p@
\headheight=10\p@
\headsep=12\p@
\footheight=10\p@
\footskip=22\p@
\oddsidemargin=0\p@
\evensidemargin=0\p@
%
\def\hexnumber@#1{\ifcase#1 0\or 1\or 2\or 3\or 4\or 5\or 6\or 7\or 8\or
 9\or A\or B\or C\or D\or E\or F\fi}
\edef\bffam@{\hexnumber@\bffam}
\mathchardef\bGamma "0\bffam@00
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\mathchardef\bPhi "0\bffam@08
\mathchardef\bPsi "0\bffam@09
\mathchardef\bOmega "0\bffam@0A
%
\def\labelenumi{(\theenumi)} 
\def\theenumi{\roman{enumi}} 
\def\labelenumii{(\theenumii)}
\def\theenumii{\alph{enumii}}
\def\p@enumii{\theenumi.}
\def\labelenumiii{\theenumiii.}
\def\theenumiii{\arabic{enumiii}}
\def\p@enumiii{\p@enumii.\theenumii}
\def\labelenumiv{\theenumiv.}
\def\theenumiv{\arabic{enumiv}} 
\def\p@enumiv{\p@enumiii.\theenumiii}

\def\labelitemi{$\m@th\bullet$}
\def\labelitemii{\bf --}
\def\labelitemiii{$\m@th\ast$}
\def\labelitemiv{$\m@th\cdot$}

\def\verse{\let\\=\@centercr 
 \list{}{\itemsep\z@ \itemindent -1.5em\listparindent \itemindent 
 \rightmargin\leftmargin\advance\leftmargin 1.5em}\item[]}
\let\endverse\endlist
\def\quotation{\list{}{\listparindent 1.5em
 \itemindent\listparindent
 \rightmargin\leftmargin\parsep 0\p@ plus 1\p@}\item[]}
\let\endquotation=\endlist
\def\quote{\list{}{\rightmargin\leftmargin}\item[]}
\let\endquote=\endlist

\def\descriptionlabel#1{\hspace\labelsep \bf #1}
\def\description{\list{}{\labelwidth\z@ \itemindent-\leftmargin
 \let\makelabel\descriptionlabel}}
\let\enddescription\endlist
%
\def\enumerate{\ifnum \@enumdepth >3 \@toodeep\else
      \advance\@enumdepth \@ne 
      \edef\@enumctr{enum\romannumeral\the\@enumdepth}\list
      {\csname label\@enumctr\endcsname}{\usecounter
        {\@enumctr}\def\makelabel##1{##1\hss}}\fi}
%
\def\itemize{\ifnum \@itemdepth >3 \@toodeep\else \advance\@itemdepth \@ne
\edef\@itemitem{labelitem\romannumeral\the\@itemdepth}%
\list{\csname\@itemitem\endcsname}{\def\makelabel##1{##1\hss}\topsep=3pt
  \parsep=0pt\listparindent=0pt\itemsep=0pt\partopsep=0pt\rightmargin=0pt
  }\fi}
%
\arraycolsep 5\p@ 
\tabcolsep=6\p@
\arrayrulewidth .4\p@ 
\doublerulesep 2\p@ 
\tabbingsep \labelsep 
\skip\@mpfootins = \skip\footins
\fboxsep = 3\p@ 
\fboxrule = .4\p@ 
\def\titlepage{\@restonecolfalse\if@twocolumn\@restonecoltrue\onecolumn
     \else \newpage \fi \thispagestyle{myheadings}\c@page\z@}

\def\endtitlepage{\if@restonecol\twocolumn \else \newpage \fi}

\newcounter {section}
\newcounter {subsection}[section]
\newcounter {subsubsection}[subsection]
\newcounter {paragraph}[subsubsection]
\newcounter {subparagraph}[paragraph]



\def\thesection {\arabic{section}}
\def\thesubsection {\thesection.\arabic{subsection}}
\def\thesubsubsection {\thesubsection .\arabic{subsubsection}}
\def\theparagraph {\thesubsubsection.\arabic{paragraph}}
\def\thesubparagraph {\theparagraph.\arabic{subparagraph}}
\def\@chapapp{Section}


\def\@pnumwidth{1.55em}
\def\@tocrmarg {2.55em}
\def\@dotsep{4.5}
\setcounter{tocdepth}{2}


\def\tableofcontents{\@restonecolfalse\if@twocolumn\@restonecoltrue
 \onecolumn\fi\section*{Contents}{}\thispagestyle{empty}
 \@starttoc{toc}\if@restonecol\twocolumn\fi}
%
\def\l@section{\@dottedtocline{1}{1.5em}{2.3em}}
\def\l@subsection{\@dottedtocline{2}{3.8em}{3.2em}}
\def\l@subsubsection{\@dottedtocline{3}{7.0em}{4.1em}}
\def\l@paragraph{\@dottedtocline{4}{10em}{5em}}
\def\l@subparagraph{\@dottedtocline{5}{12em}{6em}}
\def\listoffigures{\@restonecolfalse\if@twocolumn\@restonecoltrue\onecolumn
 \fi\section*{List of Figures\@mkboth
 {LIST OF FIGURES}{LIST OF FIGURES}}\@starttoc{lof}\if@restonecol\twocolumn
 \fi}
\def\l@figure{\@dottedtocline{1}{1.5em}{2.3em}}
\def\listoftables{\@restonecolfalse\if@twocolumn\@restonecoltrue\onecolumn
 \fi\section*{List of Tables\@mkboth
 {LIST OF TABLES}{LIST OF TABLES}}\@starttoc{lot}\if@restonecol\twocolumn
 \fi}
\let\l@table\l@figure
%
% Redefinition to remove dotted lines from \@dottedtocline
%
\def\@dottedtocline#1#2#3#4#5{\ifnum #1>\c@tocdepth \else
  \vskip \z@ plus .2\p@
  {\leftskip #2\relax \rightskip \@tocrmarg \parfillskip -\rightskip
    \parindent #2\relax\@afterindenttrue
   \interlinepenalty\@M
   \leavevmode
   \@tempdima #3\relax \advance\leftskip \@tempdima 
   \hbox{}\hskip -\leftskip
    #4\nobreak\hfill \nobreak \hbox to\@pnumwidth{\hfil
   \rm #5}\@@par}\fi}
 
\def\footnoterule{}%
\setcounter{footnote}{1}
\@addtoreset{footnote}{page} 
\long\def\@makefntext#1{\parindent 1em\noindent 
 \makebox[1em][l]{\footnotesize\rm$\m@th{\fnsymbol{footnote}}$}%
 \footnotesize\rm #1}
\def\@makefnmark{\hbox{${\fnsymbol{footnote}}\m@th$}}
\def\@thefnmark{\fnsymbol{footnote}}
\def\footnote{\@ifnextchar[{\@xfootnote}{\stepcounter{\@mpfn}%
       \begingroup\let\protect\noexpand
       \xdef\@thefnmark{\thempfn}\endgroup
     \@footnotemark\@footnotetext}}
\def\@fnsymbol#1{\ifcase#1\or \dagger\or \ddagger\or \S\or
   \|\or \P\or ^{+}\or ^{\tsty *}\or \sharp
   \or \dagger\dagger \else\@ctrerr\fi\relax}
\newcommand\ftnote[1]{\setcounter{footnote}{#1}\addtocounter{footnote}{-1}
\footnote}
% fleqn.sty 26-Sep-89
 
 
\def\[{\relax\ifmmode\@badmath\else
 \begin{trivlist}
 \@beginparpenalty\predisplaypenalty
 \@endparpenalty\postdisplaypenalty
 \item[]\leavevmode
 \hbox to\linewidth\bgroup$ \displaystyle
 \hskip\mathindent\bgroup\fi}
\def\]{\relax\ifmmode \egroup $\hfil \egroup \end{trivlist}\else \@badmath \fi}
\def\equation{\@beginparpenalty\predisplaypenalty
 \@endparpenalty\postdisplaypenalty
\refstepcounter{equation}\trivlist \item[]\leavevmode
 \hbox to\linewidth\bgroup $ \displaystyle
\hskip\mathindent}
\def\endequation{$\hfil \displaywidth\linewidth\@eqnnum\egroup \endtrivlist}
\def\eqnarray{\stepcounter{equation}\let\@currentlabel=\theequation
\global\@eqnswtrue
\global\@eqcnt\z@\tabskip\mathindent\let\\=\@eqncr
\abovedisplayskip\topsep\ifvmode\advance\abovedisplayskip\partopsep\fi
\belowdisplayskip\abovedisplayskip
\belowdisplayshortskip\abovedisplayskip
\abovedisplayshortskip\abovedisplayskip
$$\halign to
\linewidth\bgroup\@eqnsel$\displaystyle\tabskip\z@
 {##{}}$&\global\@eqcnt\@ne $\displaystyle{{}##{}}$\hfil    %\hfil delete before 2nd $
 &\global\@eqcnt\tw@ $\displaystyle{{}##}$\hfil
 \tabskip\@centering&\llap{##}\tabskip\z@\cr}
\def\endeqnarray{\@@eqncr\egroup
 \global\advance\c@equation\m@ne$$\global\@ignoretrue }
%
%
\newcommand{\jl}[1]{\setcounter{jnl}{#1}%
    \ifnum\thejnl=12\global\pmbtrue\fi
    \ifnum\thejnl=15\global\pmbtrue\fi}
\def\journal{\ifnum\thejnl=1 J. Phys.\ A: Math.\ Gen.\ 
        \else\ifnum\thejnl=2 J. Phys.\ B: At.\ Mol.\ Opt.\ Phys.\ 
        \else\ifnum\thejnl=3 J. Phys.:\ Condens. Matter\ 
        \else\ifnum\thejnl=4 J. Phys.\ G: Nucl.\ Part.\ Phys.\ 
        \else\ifnum\thejnl=5 Inverse Problems\ 
        \else\ifnum\thejnl=6 Class. Quantum Grav.\ 
        \else\ifnum\thejnl=7 Network\ 
        \else\ifnum\thejnl=8 Nonlinearity\
        \else\ifnum\thejnl=9 Quantum Opt.\
        \else\ifnum\thejnl=10 Waves in Random Media\
        \else\ifnum\thejnl=11 Pure Appl. Opt.\ 
        \else\ifnum\thejnl=12 Phys. Med. Biol.\ %
        \else\ifnum\thejnl=13 Modelling Simul.\ Mater.\ Sci.\ Eng.\ 
        \else\ifnum\thejnl=14 Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion\ 
        \else\ifnum\thejnl=15 Physiol. Meas.\ 
        \else\ifnum\thejnl=16 Sov.\ Lightwave Commun.\
        \else\ifnum\thejnl=17 High Perform.\ Polym.\
        \else\ifnum\thejnl=18 J.\ Hard Mater.\ 
        \else\ifnum\thejnl=19 J.\ Phys.\ D: Appl.\ Phys.\
        \else\ifnum\thejnl=20 Supercond.\ Sci.\ Technol.\
        \else\ifnum\thejnl=21 Semicond.\ Sci.\ Technol.\
        \else\ifnum\thejnl=22 Nanotechnology\ 
        \else\ifnum\thejnl=23 Meas.\ Sci.\ Technol.\
        \else\ifnum\thejnl=24 Plasma Source Sci.\ Technol.\
        \else\ifnum\thejnl=25 Smart Mater.\ Struct.\ 
        \else\ifnum\thejnl=26 J.\ Micromech.\ Microeng.\
        \else\ifnum\thejnl=27 Distrib.\ Syst.\ Engng\
\else Institute of Physics Publishing
\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi
\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi}

\def\catchline{\hfill}

\def\cpyrtline{\hfill}
%
\def\cpyrt#1{\def\cpyrtline{\footnotesize\rm
  \copyright\ 19\theyr\ #1\hfil
  \normalsize\rm \thepage}}
%
\def\USG{\cpyrt{US Government}}
\def\BCC{\cpyrt{British Crown Copyright}}
\def\AEA{\cpyrt{AEA Technology}}
\def\HMSO{\cpyrt{Controller HMSO}}
\def\Euratom{\cpyrt{EURATOM}}
%
\def\maketitle{\vspace*{\baselineskip}\vspace{0\p@ plus1fil}
    \noindent Short title: \@shorttitle\par
    \@submitted
    \vspace*{\baselineskip}
    \noindent\today\par\newpage}
%
%  Title
%
\def\@rticle#1#2{\thispagestyle{myheadings}%
     \vspace*{.5pc}%
    {\parindent=\mathindent \bf #1\par}%
     \vspace*{1.5pc}%
    {\exhyphenpenalty=10000\hyphenpenalty=10000
     \Large\raggedright\noindent
     \bf#2\par}\def\@shorttitle{#1}\futurelet\next\sh@rttitle}%
%
\def\title#1{\def\@shorttitle{#1}%
    \thispagestyle{myheadings}%
    \vspace*{3pc}{\exhyphenpenalty=10000\hyphenpenalty=10000 
    \Large\raggedright\noindent
    \bf#1\par}\futurelet\next\sh@rttitle} 
\let\paper=\title
%
\def\article#1#2{\@rticle{#1}{#2}} 
%
\def\review#1{\@rticle{REVIEW \ifpmb\else ARTICLE\fi}{#1}}   
%                         \ifpbm changed to \ifpmb 30/11/92
\def\topical#1{\@rticle{TOPICAL REVIEW}{#1}}
\def\ireview#1{\@rticle{INTRODUCTORY REVIEW}{#1}}
\def\comment#1{\@rticle{COMMENT}{#1}}
\def\note#1{\@rticle{NOTE}{#1}}
\def\prelim#1{\@rticle{PRELIMINARY COMMUNICATION}{#1}}
\def\letter#1{\@rticle{LETTER TO THE EDITOR}{#1}}
%
\def\sh@rttitle{\ifx\next[\let\next=\sh@rt
                \else\let\next=\f@ll\fi\next}
%
\def\sh@rt[#1]{\gdef\@shorttitle{#1}}
\def\f@ll{}
%
% Authors
%
\renewcommand{\author}[1]{\vspace*{1.5pc}%
   \begin{indented}%
   \item[]\normalsize\ifnum\thejnl=8\bf\else\rm\fi\raggedright#1
   \end{indented}%
   \smallskip}
%
% Affiliation
%
\newcommand{\address}[1]{\begin{indented}
   \item[]\rm#1
   \end{indented}}
%
% Abstract
%
\def\abstract{\vspace{16pt plus3pt minus3pt}
   \begin{indented}
   \item[]{\bf \abstractname.}\quad\rm\ignorespaces}%
%
\def\endabstract{\end{indented}\vspace{18\p@ plus18\p@}}
%
% Classification numbers
%
\def\ams#1{\vspace{\baselineskip}
     \noindent\rm AMS classification scheme numbers: #1\par}
%
\def\pacno#1{\vspace{\baselineskip}
     \noindent\rm PACS number: #1\par}
%
\def\pacs#1{\vspace{\baselineskip}
     \noindent\rm PACS numbers: #1\par}
%
\def\submitted{\def\@submitted{\vspace{\baselineskip}%
     \noindent Submitted to: \journal\par}}
\def\@submitted{}%    Default value
%
\def\frenchabs#1{\vspace{\baselineskip}
     \begin{indented}
     \item[]{\bf R\'esum\'e. }#1%
     \end{indented}}
%
\def\germanabs#1{\vspace{10pt}
     \begin{indented}
     \item[]{\bf Zusammenfassung. }#1%
     \end{indented}}
%
\def\englishabs#1{\vspace{10pt}
     \begin{indented}
     \item[]{\bf Abstract. }#1%
     \end{indented}}
%
\def\nosections{\vspace{30\p@ plus12\p@ minus12\p@}
    \noindent\ignorespaces}
%
\def\ack{\ifletter\bigskip\noindent\ignorespaces\else
    \section*{Acknowledgments}\fi}
\def\ackn{\ifletter\bigskip\noindent\ignorespaces\else
    \section*{Acknowledgment}\fi}
%
\def\resume#1{\pagebreak[2]
    \vspace{24pt plus12pt minus8pt}%
    \nopagebreak
    \noindent{\normalsize\bf R\'esum\'e\par}%
    \nopagebreak
    \vspace*{12pt plus 2pt minus 2pt}%
    \parindent=0pt\footnotesize\rm #1\par
    \vspace{7.5pt}}
%
\def\zus#1{\pagebreak[2]
    \vspace{24pt plus12pt minus8pt}%
    \nopagebreak
    \noindent{\normalsize\bf Zusammenfassung\par}%
    \nopagebreak
    \vspace*{12pt plus 2pt minus 2pt}%
    \parindent=0pt\footnotesize\rm #1\par
    \vspace{7.5pt}}
%
%
\newif\ifnumbysec
\def\theequation{\ifnumbysec
      \arabic{section}.\arabic{equation}\else
      \arabic{equation}\fi}
\def\eqnobysec{\numbysectrue\@addtoreset{equation}{section}}
%
\newenvironment{ceqno}{\begin{ceqno}}{\end{ceqno}}
\def\ceqno{\begin{equation}\begin{array}{@{}*{4}{l}}\dsty}
\def\endceqno{\end{array}\end{equation}}
%
\def\eqalign#1{\null\vcenter{\def\\{\cr}\openup\jot\m@th
  \ialign{\strut$\displaystyle{##}$\hfil&$\displaystyle{{}##}$\hfil
      \crcr#1\crcr}}\,}
%
\def\eqalignno#1{\displ@y \tabskip\z@skip
  \halign to\displaywidth{\hspace{5pc}$\@lign\displaystyle{##}$%
    \tabskip\z@skip
    &$\@lign\displaystyle{{}##}$\hfill\tabskip\@centering
    &\llap{$\@lign\hbox{\rm##}$}\tabskip\z@skip\crcr
    #1\crcr}}
%
\def\numparts{\addtocounter{equation}{1}%
     \setcounter{eqnval}{\value{equation}}%
     \setcounter{equation}{0}%
     \def\theequation{\ifnumbysec
     \arabic{section}.\arabic{eqnval}{\it\alph{equation}}%
     \else\arabic{eqnval}{\it\alph{equation}}\fi}}

\def\endnumparts{\def\theequation{\ifnumbysec
     \arabic{section}.\arabic{equation}\else
     \arabic{equation}\fi}%
     \setcounter{equation}{\value{eqnval}}}
%
\def\cases#1{%
     \left\{\,\vcenter{\def\\{\cr}\normalbaselines\openup1\jot\m@th%
     \ialign{\strut$\displaystyle{##}\hfil$&\tqs
     \rm##\hfil\crcr#1\crcr}}\right.}%
%
\def\tabular{\def\@halignto{}\@tabular}
%
\newcommand{\Table}[1]{\def\t@blecap{\caption{#1}}%
   \setcounter{tabtype}{1}\futurelet\next\t@bplace}
\newcommand{\widetable}[1]{\def\t@blecap{\caption{#1}}%
   \setcounter{tabtype}{2}\futurelet\next\t@bplace}
\newcommand{\fulltable}[1]{\def\t@blecap{\caption{#1}}%
   \setcounter{tabtype}{3}\futurelet\next\t@bplace}%
\def\t@bplace{\ifx\next[\let\next=\@tabpl
                 \else\let\next=\@tabnopl\fi\next}
%
\def\@tabpl[#1]{\begin{table}[#1]\@t@bsize}
\def\@tabnopl{\begin{table}\@t@bsize}
%
\def\@t@bsize{\ifnum\thetabtype=3\begin{varindent}{0pt}%
   \else\begin{varindent}{\mathindent}\fi
   \t@blecap\lineup\item[]
   \ifnum\thetabtype=1
        \begin{tabular}{@{}l*{15}{l}}
   \else\ifnum\thetabtype=2
        \begin{tabular*}{\indentedwidth}{@{}l*{15}{@{\extracolsep{0pt plus12pt}}l}}
   \else\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{@{}l*{15}{@{\extracolsep{0pt plus12pt}}l}}
   \fi\fi}
%
\def\endtab{\ifnum\thetabtype=1\end{tabular}
   \else\end{tabular*}\fi\end{varindent}\end{table}}
\let\endTable=\endtab
\let\endwidetable=\endtab
\let\endfulltable=\endtab
%
% Definitions for centring headings over several columns
% \centre{4}{Results for helium} will centre
% Results for helium over four columns
% \crule{4} will produce a rule centred over four columns
% to go below a centred heading
%
\newcommand{\centre}[2]{\multicolumn{#1}{c}{#2}}
\newcommand{\crule}[1]{\multispan{#1}{\hrulefill}}
%
\def\lineup{\def\0{\hbox{\phantom{\footnotesize\rm 0}}}%
    \def\m{\hbox{$\phantom{-}$}}%
    \def\-{\llap{$-$}}}
%
\setcounter{topnumber}{3}
\def\topfraction{1}
\setcounter{bottomnumber}{2}
\def\bottomfraction{.8}
\setcounter{totalnumber}{4}
\def\textfraction{0}
\def\floatpagefraction{.8}
\setcounter{dbltopnumber}{3}
\def\dbltopfraction{1}
\def\dblfloatpagefraction{.8}

\long\def\@makecaption#1#2{\vskip 10\p@ 
 \ifnum\thefigtype=2\begin{varindent}{\@figindent}
 \item[]{\bf #1.} #2
 \end{varindent}\else
 \ifnum\thefigtype=3
 \footnotesize\rm{\bf #1.} #2\else
 \begin{indented}
 \item[]{\bf #1.} #2
 \end{indented}\fi\fi}
%
\newcommand{\Figure}[1]{\setcounter{figtype}{1}%
    \def\figspace{}\def\figcap{\caption{#1}}%
    \futurelet\next\@figplace}
\def\@figplace{\ifx\next[\let\next=\@figpl
                 \else\let\next=\@fignopl\fi\next}
\def\@figpl[#1]{\begin{figure}[#1]
   \figspace
   \figcap
   \end{figure}}
\def\@fignopl{\begin{figure}
   \figspace
   \figcap
   \end{figure}}

\newcommand{\sidecap}[3]{\setcounter{figtype}{2}%
    \setlength{\figdepth}{#1}\def\@figindent{#2}%
    \def\sidedc@p{\caption{#3}}%
    \futurelet\next\@sidecapplace}
\def\@sidecapplace{\ifx\next[\let\next=\@sidecappl
                 \else\let\next=\@sidecapnopl\fi\next}
\def\@sidecappl[#1]{\begin{figure}[#1]
    \vbox to\figdepth{\vfill
    \sidedc@p}%
    \setcounter{figtype}{1}\end{figure}}
\def\@sidecapnopl{\begin{figure}
    \vbox to\figdepth{\vfill
    \sidedc@p}%
    \setcounter{figtype}{1}\end{figure}}
%
\newcommand{\side}[3]{\setcounter{figtype}{3}%
    \setlength{\figdepth}{#1}\setlength{\figwidth}{15pc}
    \setlength{\secfigwidth}{15pc}
    \def\firstc@p{\caption{#2}}\def\secondc@p{\caption{#3}}
    \futurelet\next\@sideplace}
\def\@sideplace{\ifx\next[\let\next=\@sidepl
                 \else\let\next=\@sidenopl\fi\next}
\def\@sidepl[#1]{\begin{figure}[#1]
    \vspace*{1.5pc}\vspace*{\figdepth}
    \parbox[t]{\figwidth}{\firstc@p}\hspace*{1pc}%
    \parbox[t]{\secfigwidth}{\secondc@p}
    \setcounter{figtype}{1}\end{figure}}
\def\@sidenopl{\begin{figure}
    \vspace*{1.5pc}\vspace*{\figdepth}
    \parbox[t]{\figwidth}{\firstc@p}\hspace*{1pc}%
    \parbox[t]{\secfigwidth}{\secondc@p}
    \setcounter{figtype}{1}\end{figure}}
%
\newcommand{\varside}[4]{\setcounter{figtype}{3}%
    \setlength{\figdepth}{#1}\setlength{\figwidth}{#2}%
    \setlength{\secfigwidth}{30pc}
    \addtolength{\secfigwidth}{-\figwidth}
    \def\firstc@p{\caption{#3}}\def\secondc@p{\caption{#4}}
    \futurelet\next\@sideplace}

% two figures filling one page
%
\def\ptwofigures#1#2#3#4{\begin{figure}[p]%
    \setcounter{figtype}{1}%
    \vbox to\textheight{\vspace*{#1}%
    \caption{#2}%
    \vfill
    \vspace*{#3}%
    \caption{#4}}%
    \end{figure}}
%
\newcounter{figure}
\def\thefigure{\@arabic\c@figure}
\def\fps@figure{htbp}
\def\ftype@figure{1}
\def\ext@figure{lof}
\def\fnum@figure{\figurename~\thefigure}
\def\figure{\@float{figure}}
\let\endfigure\end@float
\@namedef{figure*}{\@dblfloat{figure}}
\@namedef{endfigure*}{\end@dblfloat}
\newcounter{table}
\def\thetable{\@arabic\c@table}
\def\fps@table{htbp}
\def\ftype@table{2}
\def\ext@table{lot}
\def\fnum@table{\tablename~\thetable}
\def\table{\@float{table}}
\let\endtable\end@float
\@namedef{table*}{\@dblfloat{table}}
\@namedef{endtable*}{\end@dblfloat}

\newcommand{\Tables}{\newpage\section*{Tables and table captions}}
\newcommand{\Figures}{\newpage\section*{Figure captions}}
%
\newcommand{\Bibliography}[1]{\section*{References}\par\numrefs{#1}}
\newcommand{\References}{\section*{References}\par\refs}

\def\thebibliography#1{\list
 {\hfil[\arabic{enumi}]}{\topsep=0\p@\parsep=0\p@
 \partopsep=0\p@\itemsep=0\p@
 \labelsep=5\p@\itemindent=-10\p@
 \settowidth\labelwidth{\footnotesize[#1]}%
 \leftmargin\labelwidth
 \advance\leftmargin\labelsep
 \advance\leftmargin -\itemindent
 \usecounter{enumi}}\footnotesize
 \def\newblock{\ }
 \sloppy\clubpenalty4000\widowpenalty4000
 \sfcode`\.=1000\relax}
\let\endthebibliography=\endlist
\def\numrefs#1{\begin{thebibliography}{#1}}
\def\endnumrefs{\end{thebibliography}}
\let\endbib=\endnumrefs
%
\def\thereferences{\list{}{\topsep=0\p@\parsep=0\p@
 \partopsep=0\p@\itemsep=0\p@\labelsep=0\p@\itemindent=-18\p@
\labelwidth=0\p@\leftmargin=18\p@
}\footnotesize\rm
\def\newblock{\ }
\sloppy\clubpenalty4000\widowpenalty4000
\sfcode`\.=1000\relax
}
%
\let\endthereferences=\endlist
%
% Macro to used for references in the Harvard system
%
\newenvironment{harvard}{\list{}{\topsep=0\p@\parsep=0\p@
\partopsep=0\p@\itemsep=0\p@\labelsep=0\p@\itemindent=-18\p@
\labelwidth=0\p@\leftmargin=18\p@
}\footnotesize\rm
\def\newblock{\ }
\sloppy\clubpenalty4000\widowpenalty4000
\sfcode`\.=1000\relax}{\endlist}
%
\def\refs{\begin{harvard}}
\def\endrefs{\end{harvard}}
%
\newenvironment{indented}{\begin{indented}}{\end{indented}}
\newenvironment{varindent}[1]{\begin{varindent}{#1}}{\end{varindent}}
%
\def\indented{\list{}{\itemsep=0\p@\labelsep=0\p@\itemindent=0\p@
   \labelwidth=0\p@\leftmargin=\mathindent\topsep=0\p@\partopsep=0\p@
   \parsep=0\p@\listparindent=15\p@}\footnotesize\rm}

\let\endindented=\endlist 

\def\varindent#1{\setlength{\varind}{#1}%
   \list{}{\itemsep=0\p@\labelsep=0\p@\itemindent=0\p@
   \labelwidth=0\p@\leftmargin=\varind\topsep=0\p@\partopsep=0\p@
   \parsep=0\p@\listparindent=15\p@}\footnotesize\rm}

\let\endvarindent=\endlist 

\def\tabnotes{\ifnum\thetabtype=1\end{tabular}\else\end{tabular*}\fi}
\def\endtabnotes{\end{varindent}\end{table}}

\newif\if@restonecol
\def\theindex{\@restonecoltrue\if@twocolumn\@restonecolfalse\fi
\columnseprule \z@
\columnsep 35\p@\twocolumn[\section*{\indexname}]%
    \@mkboth{{\indexname}}{{\indexname}}%
    \parindent\z@
    \parskip\z@ plus.3\p@\relax\let\item\@idxitem}
\def\@idxitem{\par\hangindent 30\p@}
\def\subitem{\par\hangindent 30\p@ \hspace*{10\p@}}
\def\subsubitem{\par\hangindent 30\p@ \hspace*{20\p@}}
\def\endtheindex{\if@restonecol\onecolumn\else\clearpage\fi}
\def\indexspace{\par \vskip 10\p@ plus 5\p@ minus 3\p@\relax}

\mark{{}{}} 

\def\ps@headings{\let\@mkboth\markboth
 \def\@oddfoot{}%
 \def\@evenfoot{}%
 \def\@evenhead{\makebox[\mathindent][l]{\normalsize\rm \thepage}%
  \normalsize\it\rightmark\hfill}%
 \def\@oddhead{\makebox[\mathindent][r]{\hfill}{\normalsize\it\leftmark}\hfill
  \normalsize\rm\thepage}%
}%

\def\ps@myheadings{\let\@mkboth\markboth
 \def\@oddhead{\catchline}%
 \def\@oddfoot{\cpyrtline}%
 \def\@evenhead{}%
 \def\@evenfoot{}%
}


\def\today{\ifcase\month\or
 January\or February\or March\or April\or May\or June\or
 July\or August\or September\or October\or November\or December\fi
 \space\number\day, \number\year}

\def\@begintheorem#1#2{\rm \trivlist \item[\hskip \labelsep{\it #1\ #2.}]}
\def\@opargbegintheorem#1#2#3{\rm \trivlist
      \item[\hskip \labelsep{\it #1\ #2\ (#3).}]}

\let\scap=\sc
\renewcommand{\sc}{\protect\scriptsize}
\newcommand{\itsc}{\protect\scriptsize\it}
\newcommand{\bfsc}{\protect\scriptsize\bf}
\def\p@LaTeX{{L\kern-.3em\lower.1em\hbox{$^{\rm A}$}\kern-.15em%
    T\kern-.1667em\lower.7ex\hbox{E}\kern-.125emX}}
%
%\newcommand{\mathrm}{\rm}%              
\newcommand{\text}[1]{\mbox{#1}}
\newcommand{\bold}[1]{{\bf #1}}
%
\newcommand{\nohyphens}{\hyphenpenalty=10000\exhyphenpenalty=10000}
\newcommand{\mat}[1]{\underline{\underline{\bf #1}}}
\newcommand{\e}{{\mathrm e}}
\let\ii=\i
\renewcommand{\i}{{\mathrm i}}
\let\du=\d
\renewcommand{\d}{{\mathrm d}}
\renewcommand{\qquad}{\hspace*{25pt}}
\newcommand{\tqs}{\hspace*{25pt}}
\newcommand{\fl}{\hspace*{-\mathindent}}
%\newcommand{\Tr}{\mathop{\mathrm Tr}\nolimits}%
\newcommand{\tr}{\mathop{\mathrm tr}\nolimits}
\newcommand{\Or}{\mathop{\mathrm O}\nolimits}
\newcommand{\lshad}{[\![}
\newcommand{\rshad}{]\!]}
\newcommand{\case}[2]{{\textstyle\frac{#1}{#2}}}
\def\pt(#1){({\it #1\/})}
\newcommand{\dsty}{\displaystyle}
\newcommand{\tsty}{\textstyle}
\newcommand{\ssty}{\scriptstyle}
\newcommand{\sssty}{\scriptscriptstyle}
\def\lo#1{\llap{${}#1{}$}}
\def\eql{\llap{${}={}$}}
\def\lsim{\llap{${}\sim{}$}}
\def\lsimeq{\llap{${}\simeq{}$}}
\def\lequiv{\llap{${}\equiv{}$}}
%
\def\;{\protect\psemicolon}
\def\psemicolon{\relax\ifmmode\mskip\thickmuskip\else\kern .3333em\fi}
%
\newcommand{\eref}[1]{(\ref{#1})}
\newcommand{\sref}[1]{section~\ref{#1}}
\newcommand{\fref}[1]{figure~\ref{#1}}
\newcommand{\tref}[1]{table~\ref{#1}}
\newcommand{\Eref}[1]{Equation~(\ref{#1})}
\newcommand{\Sref}[1]{Section~\ref{#1}}
\newcommand{\Fref}[1]{Figure~\ref{#1}}
\newcommand{\Tref}[1]{Table~\ref{#1}}

\newcommand{\opencirc}{\raisebox{2\p@}{\;\circle{5}}}
\newcommand{\opensqr}{\mbox{$\Box$}}
\newcommand{\fullcirc}{\raisebox{-2\p@}{\Large$\bullet$}}
\newcommand{\fullsqr}{\mbox{\vrule height6pt width6pt}}
\newcommand{\dotted}{\mbox{${\mathinner{\cdotp\cdotp\cdotp\cdotp\cdotp\cdotp}}$}}
\newcommand{\dashed}{\mbox{-\; -\; -\; -}}
\newcommand{\broken}{\mbox{-- -- --}}
\newcommand{\longbroken}{\mbox{--- --- ---}}
\newcommand{\chain}{\mbox{--- $\cdot$ ---}}
\newcommand{\dashddot}{\mbox{--- $\cdot$ $\cdot$ ---}}
\newcommand{\full}{\mbox{------}}
%
\newcommand{\figblank}{\begin{figure}[p]
 \vspace*{49pc}
 \addtocounter{figure}{1}
 \end{figure}}
%
\newcommand{\tabblank}{\begin{table}[p]
 \vspace*{49pc}
 \addtocounter{table}{1}
 \end{table}}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% Tables rules      %
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\newcommand{\boldarrayrulewidth}{1\p@} 
% Width of bold rule in tabular environment.

\def\bhline{\noalign{\ifnum0=`}\fi\hrule \@height  
\boldarrayrulewidth \futurelet \@tempa\@xhline}

\def\@xhline{\ifx\@tempa\hline\vskip \doublerulesep\fi
      \ifnum0=`{\fi}}

%
% Rules for tables with extra space around
%
\newcommand{\br}{\ms\bhline\ms}
\newcommand{\mr}{\ms\hline\ms}
%
% Extra spaces for tables and displayed equations
%
\newcommand{\ms}{\noalign{\vspace{3\p@ plus2\p@ minus1\p@}}}
\newcommand{\bs}{\noalign{\vspace{6\p@ plus2\p@ minus2\p@}}}
\newcommand{\ns}{\noalign{\vspace{-3\p@ plus-1\p@ minus-1\p@}}}
\newcommand{\es}{\noalign{\vspace{6\p@ plus2\p@ minus2\p@}}\displaystyle}
%
\newcommand{\etal}{{\it et al\/}\ }
\newcommand{\dash}{------}
\newcommand{\nonum}{\item[]}
%
% abbreviations for IOPP journals
%
\newcommand{\CQG}{{\em Class. Quantum Grav.} }
\newcommand{\HPP}{{\em High Perform. Polym.} }              % added 4/5/93
\newcommand{\IP}{{\em Inverse Problems\/} }
\newcommand{\JHM}{{\em J. Hard Mater.} }                    % added 4/5/93
\newcommand{\JPA}{{\em J. Phys. A: Math. Gen.} }
\newcommand{\JPB}{{\em J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Phys.} }      %1968-87
\newcommand{\jpb}{{\em J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys.} } %1988 and onwards
\newcommand{\JPC}{{\em J. Phys. C: Solid State Phys.} }   %1968--1988
\newcommand{\JPCM}{{\em J. Phys.: Condens. Matter\/} }    %1989 and onwards
\newcommand{\JPD}{{\em J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.} }
\newcommand{\JPE}{{\em J. Phys. E: Sci. Instrum.} }
\newcommand{\JPF}{{\em J. Phys. F: Met. Phys.} }
\newcommand{\JPG}{{\em J. Phys. G: Nucl. Phys.} }         %1975--1988
\newcommand{\jpg}{{\em J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys.} }   %1989 and onwards
\newcommand{\MSMSE}{{\em Modelling Simulation Mater. Sci. Eng.} }
\newcommand{\MST}{{\em Meas. Sci. Technol.} }                 %1990 and onwards
\newcommand{\NET}{{\em Network\/} }
\newcommand{\NL}{{\em Nonlinearity\/} }
\newcommand{\NT}{{\em Nanotechnology} }
\newcommand{\PAO}{{\em Pure Appl. Optics\/} }
\newcommand{\PM}{{\em Physiol. Meas.} }                        % added 4/5/93
\newcommand{\PMB}{{\em Phys. Med. Biol.} }
\newcommand{\PPCF}{{\em Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion\/} }      % added 4/5/93
\newcommand{\PSST}{{\em Plasma Sources Sci. Technol.} }
\newcommand{\QO}{{\em Quantum Opt.} }
\newcommand{\RPP}{{\em Rep. Prog. Phys.} }
\newcommand{\SLC}{{\em Sov. Lightwave Commun.} }               % added 4/5/93 
\newcommand{\SST}{{\em Semicond. Sci. Technol.} }
\newcommand{\SUST}{{\em Supercond. Sci. Technol.} }
\newcommand{\WRM}{{\em Waves Random Media\/} }
%
% Other commonly quoted journals
%
\newcommand{\AC}{{\em Acta Crystallogr.} }
\newcommand{\AM}{{\em Acta Metall.} }
\newcommand{\AP}{{\em Ann. Phys., Lpz.} }
\newcommand{\APNY}{{\em Ann. Phys., NY\/} }
\newcommand{\APP}{{\em Ann. Phys., Paris\/} }
\newcommand{\CJP}{{\em Can. J. Phys.} }
\newcommand{\JAP}{{\em J. Appl. Phys.} }
\newcommand{\JCP}{{\em J. Chem. Phys.} }
\newcommand{\JJAP}{{\em Japan. J. Appl. Phys.} }
\newcommand{\JP}{{\em J. Physique\/} }
\newcommand{\JPhCh}{{\em J. Phys. Chem.} }
\newcommand{\JMMM}{{\em J. Magn. Magn. Mater.} }
\newcommand{\JMP}{{\em J. Math. Phys.} }
\newcommand{\JOSA}{{\em J. Opt. Soc. Am.} }
\newcommand{\JPSJ}{{\em J. Phys. Soc. Japan\/} }
\newcommand{\JQSRT}{{\em J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer\/} }
\newcommand{\NC}{{\em Nuovo Cimento\/} }
\newcommand{\NIM}{{\em Nucl. Instrum. Methods\/} }
\newcommand{\NP}{{\em Nucl. Phys.} }
\newcommand{\PL}{{\em Phys. Lett.} }
\newcommand{\PR}{{\em Phys. Rev.} }
\newcommand{\PRL}{{\em Phys. Rev. Lett.} }
\newcommand{\PRS}{{\em Proc. R. Soc.} }
\newcommand{\PS}{{\em Phys. Scr.} }
\newcommand{\PSS}{{\em Phys. Status Solidi\/} }
\newcommand{\PTRS}{{\em Phil. Trans. R. Soc.} }
\newcommand{\RMP}{{\em Rev. Mod. Phys.} }
\newcommand{\RSI}{{\em Rev. Sci. Instrum.} }
\newcommand{\SSC}{{\em Solid State Commun.} }
\newcommand{\ZP}{{\em Z. Phys.} }
%
\ps@headings \pagenumbering{arabic} \onecolumn 


